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Testing

What each test is, what it is for, which standard defines it and which equipment and voltage levels it applies to.

What each test is

BT, MT, AT, EATCold and hot commissioning: de-energized vs energizedWhat is tested in cold commissioning, with the power circuits de-energized, and what can only be checked hot: phasing, synchronism, directionality, load.MT, AT, EATFirst energization of a new substation: what to checkFirst energization of a new substation: preconditions, general sequence, no-load and on-load checks, and when the installation is declared in service.Primary vs secondary injection testing: differencesWhat primary injection verifies (CT, wiring, relay and breaker) versus secondary injection (relay and logic only), when each is used and their limits.Secondary injection relay test set: what it isWhat a secondary injection relay test set is, what it generates and measures, which types exist (including IEC 61850) and what to check when choosing one.MT, AT, EATSubstation commissioning: stages and testsSubstation commissioning: stages, tests on primary equipment, protection, control and SAS, energization and the documents delivered at the end.

Power transformers

MT, AT, EATPower transformer commissioning testsPower transformer commissioning tests: what is measured, why and in what order, and how the results compare with factory and maintenance tests.

Circuit breakers and switchgear

BTLow-voltage circuit breaker testing: ACB and MCCBTests on a low-voltage ACB or MCCB: LSIG trip unit by secondary or primary injection, mechanical operation, contact resistance and insulation resistance.

Before hiring

BT, MT, AT, EATCommissioning dossier: test reports and as-builtWhich documents commissioning must leave behind: test reports, FAT and SAT reports, loaded settings, verified signal lists and as-built drawings.BT, MT, ATCommissioning levels 1 to 5: what they areWhat commissioning levels 1 to 5 are, where they come from and how they map to FAT, SAT, system tests and integrated systems testing in substations.BT, MT, AT, EATPre-commissioning, commissioning and start-upWhat commissioning is, how it differs from pre-commissioning and start-up, which tests go in each stage and how the terms are used across industries.MT/AT/EATSAS specification: what the tender should requireWhat a substation automation system specification must define: architecture, availability, protocols, signals, cybersecurity, FAT and SAT, deliverables.

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Other sections

ProtectionEvery protection function, protection schemes and teleprotection, coordination fundamentals, and what to do when a relay trips.Equipment and substationsCircuit breakers, transformers, CTs, VTs and other equipment by voltage level, their internal parts, bus arrangements and station service.Communications and controlIEC 61850 and the other protocols, substation networks and communication devices, and control up to SCADA.Standards and studiesElectrical studies, solar plants and the standards behind each test.