Start here
What Is a Smart Grid and How Does It Work?A smart grid adds sensors, communications and control to the power grid. How it differs from a conventional grid and what it takes to operate.Smart Metering (AMI): What It Is and How It WorksWhat advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is, how it differs from a traditional meter and which parts make up the system, end to end.AC vs DC EV Charging: DifferencesWhat changes between charging an electric vehicle on AC and on DC: where the energy is converted, power levels, connectors and demands on the installation.
No guides on this topic for that voltage level. See all guides or write to us.
Smart grids
Digital Twin of a Power Grid: What It Is and NeedsWhat a power grid digital twin is, how it differs from a study or SCADA, what data it needs and what it is used for.Measurable Benefits of a Smart GridWhat a smart grid improves, which indicator measures each benefit and what baseline you need to prove it before investing.Microgrids: What They Are and How They OperateWhat a microgrid is, how it differs from a plant with backup, how it runs grid-connected or islanded and what its control and protection must solve.SCADA vs ADMS vs DERMS: What Each One DoesDifferences between SCADA, ADMS and DERMS: what data they use, what they decide, how they relate and which one a utility or a plant needs.Smart Grid Components: Layers and EquipmentField devices, advanced metering, communications, management systems and distributed resources: each smart grid layer and what it demands of the rest.What Is a Smart Grid and How Does It Work?A smart grid adds sensors, communications and control to the power grid. How it differs from a conventional grid and what it takes to operate.
Smart metering
BT/MTAMI Architecture: Meter, Concentrator and Central SystemThe layers of an advanced metering system: meter, data concentrator, head-end system (HES), meter data management (MDM) and how they feed billing.BT/MTAMI Communications: PLC, RF Mesh and CellularHow advanced meters communicate: power line (PLC), RF mesh and cellular. How each one works and how to choose for a given service area.BT/MTAMI Project Cost-Benefit AnalysisHow to evaluate whether a smart metering project pays off: costs, benefits, present value and benefit-cost ratio over a long analysis horizon.BT/MTDLMS/COSEM: The Essentials of the Meter ProtocolWhat DLMS/COSEM is, how it models a meter with objects and OBIS codes, who is client and who is server, and what to check when buying or integrating.BT/MTEnergy Balance in a Distribution NetworkHow to do the energy balance of a circuit or transformer: what to measure, how to separate technical and non-technical losses and how to read the result.BT/MTHow to Implement a Smart Metering ProjectPhases of an AMI project: assessment, design, pilot, rollout and operation, with the tests of each stage and what regulators commonly require.BT/MTNon-Technical Losses: Causes and How to Reduce ThemWhat non-technical energy losses are, where they come from, how transformer-level energy balance locates them and which measures reduce them.BTRemote Reading, Disconnect and Reconnect with Smart MetersHow remote reading and remote disconnect and reconnect work in an advanced meter, who issues the command and which controls prevent mistakes.BT/MTSmart Metering (AMI): What It Is and How It WorksWhat advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is, how it differs from a traditional meter and which parts make up the system, end to end.BT/MTSmart Metering Data and AnalyticsWhat data an advanced meter delivers, how it is validated and stored, and what analysis it enables: load curves, balance, anomalies and service quality.
Electric mobility
BT/MTAC vs DC EV Charging: DifferencesWhat changes between charging an electric vehicle on AC and on DC: where the energy is converted, power levels, connectors and demands on the installation.BTElectric Vehicle: Battery, Onboard Charger and MotorHow an electric vehicle is built: traction battery, onboard charger, DC/DC converter, power electronics and motor, and what the charging point sees.BTEV Charging Connectors: Type 1, Type 2, CCS, CHAdeMOWhich connectors EV charging uses: Type 1, Type 2, CCS, CHAdeMO and NACS, what each is for and why the choice matters when you specify a charger.BTEV Charging Modes 1, 2, 3 and 4 ExplainedWhat EV charging modes 1, 2, 3 and 4 mean under IEC 61851-1: where protection sits, who talks to the vehicle, and when each mode is used on AC and DC.BTEV Charging Station Protection: Layers and TestsProtection of an EV charging station: overcurrent, short circuit, residual current, surge protection and the charger's own safety functions.BTGrounding and Safety at EV Charging StationsWhy grounding decides the safety of an EV charging station: protective conductor, equipotential bonding, residual current device and testing.BTHome EV Charger: Electrical Installation ChecklistWhat to check before installing an EV charger at home or in a building: dedicated circuit, protection, grounding and supply capacity.BT/MTHow to Size an EV Charging StationHow to size an EV charging station: power per point, diversity, load management, transformer, service cable and voltage drop, with a worked example.BT/MTImpact of EV Charging on the Power GridHow EV charging affects transformers, feeders and the demand curve: continuous load, diversity and managed charging, with IEC 60076-7 loading logic.BTLithium-Ion Batteries: Safety and Service LifeHow a lithium-ion battery ages, what shortens its life, how the BMS protects it and what risks it carries, for electric vehicles and energy storage.
Other sections
Protection, control and communicationsEvery ANSI function, schemes and teleprotection, relays and reclosers by model, coordination, IEC 61850 and protocols, networks, control, SCADA and interlocking.Equipment and substationsTransformers, circuit breakers, switchgear, CTs and VTs, batteries and brand sheets; substation types, bus arrangements, earthing and station service.Testing, commissioning and faultsWhat each test is and its standard, protection testing and commissioning, and what to do after a trip, an alarm or a device that does not operate.Solar energyStandards and permits in Colombia, PV components, solar park design and storage, testing, switching and solar equipment by brand.Industry and automationWhat a plant needs: motors, drives and starting, PLCs and industrial networks, instrumentation and process control, functional safety, its substation and transformers, power quality and maintenance.Standards and grid connectionGrid connection requirements, the technical standards and the electrical studies they call for.